Slouch - by Beth Linker (Hardcover)

About the Book

"This book is a historical consideration of how poor posture became a dreaded pathology in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. It opens with the "outbreak" of the poor posture epidemic, which began with turn-of-the-century paleoanthropologists: If upright posture was the first of all attributes that separated human from beasts - and importantly a precondition for the development of intellect and speech - what did it mean that a majority of Americans slouched? By World War I, public health officials claimed that 80% of Americans suffered from postural abnormalities. Panic spread, setting into motion initiatives intended to stem the slouching epidemic, as schoolteachers, shoe companies, clothing manufacturers, public health officials, medical professionals, and the popular press exhorted the public toward detection. Wellness programs stigmatized disability while also encouraging the belief that health and ableness could be purchased through consumer goods. What makes this epidemic unique is that, in the absence of a communicable contagion, it was largely driven by a cultural intolerance of disabled bodies, with notions of "ableness" taking hold for much of the twentieth century. The author traces this history through its consequential demise, as social movements of the 1960s prompted people to push back against invasive and discriminatory standards. Large-scale physical fitness assessments designed to weed out defective bodies relied on compliant participants, and the Civil Rights and Women's Movement, as well as the anti-Vietnam war protests and Disability Rights Movements eventually halted that supply, and in the 1990s a public outcry destroyed many of the archives and materials collected. Nevertheless, anxiety over posture persists to this day"--

Book Synopsis

The strange and surprising history of the so-called epidemic of bad posture in modern America--from eugenics and posture pageants to today's promoters of "paleo posture"

In 1995, a scandal erupted when the New York Times revealed that the Smithsonian possessed a century's worth of nude "posture" photos of college students. In this riveting history, Beth Linker tells why these photos were only a small part of the incredible story of twentieth-century America's largely forgotten posture panic--a decades-long episode in which it was widely accepted as scientific fact that Americans were suffering from an epidemic of bad posture, with potentially catastrophic health consequences. Tracing the rise and fall of this socially manufactured epidemic, Slouch also tells how this period continues to feed today's widespread anxieties about posture.

In the early twentieth century, the eugenics movement and fears of disability gave slouching a new scientific relevance. Bad posture came to be seen as an individual health threat, an affront to conventional race hierarchies, and a sign of American decline. What followed were massive efforts to measure, track, and prevent slouching and, later, back pain--campaigns that reached schools, workplaces, and beyond, from the creation of the American Posture League to posture pageants. The popularity of posture-enhancing products, such as girdles and lumbar supports, exploded, as did new fitness programs focused on postural muscles, such as Pilates and modern yoga. By 1970, student protests largely brought an end to school posture exams and photos, but many efforts to fight bad posture continued, despite a lack of scientific evidence.

A compelling history that mixes seriousness and humor, Slouch is a unique and provocative account of the unexpected origins of our largely unquestioned ideas about bad posture.

Review Quotes

"Shortlisted for the George Rosen Prize, American Association for the History of Medicine"

"Linker has uncovered a decades-long international panic. . . . [She] expertly conveys just how embedded posture science once was--and how quickly it was forgotten."---Isabel Berwick, Financial Times

"Deeply researched and engagingly written. . . . This book is a must-read for scholars in the history of nineteenth and twentieth-century science, medicine, and disability."---Andrew J. Hogan, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

"Fascinating."---Tim Horder, Oxford Magazine

"A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of the Year"

"A Choice Outstanding Academic Title of the Year"

"A useful addition to the larger scholarship on the social, cultural, and political implications of bodily standards. . . . [Slouch] reveals the normalization and standardization of bodily comportment that was central to the posture sciences from its origins to the present and interrogates the ableism and racism at its core."---Jennifer Kaufmann-Buhler, Technology & Culture

"[Slouch] offers insight into how persistent postural ableism harms disabled communities today and why posture continues to captivate modern research and retail. . . . Essential reading for all students and professionals whose work concerns bodies and health inequity."---Rajiv M. Sastry, Disability & Society

"An engaging book on the science of posture. . . . [Linker] provides a sophisticated critique of identifying postural problems as an 'epidemic, ' which engages modes of surveillance and control, often internalized by each generation. . . . Highly recommended."-- "Choice Reviews"

"Astonishing."---Daniel Felsenthal, New Republic

"A long history of anxiety about the proximity between human and bestial nature. . . . Linker traces the history of this concern: from the exchanges of nineteenth-century scientists, who first identified the possible ancestral causes of contemporary back pain, to the late-twentieth-century popularity of the Alexander Technique, Pilates, and hatha yoga. . . . She sees the 'past and present worries concerning posture' . . . [are] grounded in a mythology of human ancestry that posits the hunter-gatherer as an ideal from which we have fallen."---Rebecca Mead, The New Yorker

"Compelling. . . . [a] fascinating study."---Anna Katharina Schaffner, Times Literary Supplement

"Well-researched."---Belinda Lanks, Wall Street Journal

"Slouch is a skillfully researched, engrossing account of a socially engineered epidemic that captured the public imagination for the better part of a century."-- "Shelf Awareness ​​​​​​​"

About the Author

Beth Linker is a historian of medicine and disability and a former physical therapist. She is the Samuel H. Preston Endowed Term Professor in the Social Sciences in the Department of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of War's Waste: Rehabilitation in World War I America, and her work has been featured in The New Yorker, the Boston Globe, and other publications.