Red Bird, Red Power - American Indian Literature and Critical Studies by Tadeusz Lewandowski Paperback

About the Book

Red Bird, Red Power tells the story of one of the most influential--and controversial--American Indian activists of the twentieth century. Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a highly gifted writer, editor, and musician who dedicated her life to achieving justice for Native peoples.

Book Synopsis

Red Bird, Red Power tells the story of one of the most influential--and controversial--American Indian activists of the twentieth century. Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a highly gifted writer, editor, and musician who dedicated her life to achieving justice for Native peoples. Here, Tadeusz Lewandowski offers the first full-scale biography of the woman whose passionate commitment to improving the lives of her people propelled her to the forefront of Progressive-era reform movements.

Lewandowski draws on a vast array of sources, including previously unpublished letters and diaries, to recount Zitkala-Sa's unique life journey. Her story begins on the Dakota plains, where she was born to a Yankton Sioux mother and a white father. Zitkala-Sa, whose name translates as "Red Bird" in English, left home at age eight to attend a Quaker boarding school, eventually working as a teacher at Carlisle Indian Industrial School. By her early twenties, she was the toast of East Coast literary society. Her short stories for the Atlantic Monthly (1900) are, to this day, the focus of scholarly analysis and debate. In collaboration with William F. Hanson, she wrote the libretto and songs for the innovative Sun Dance Opera (1913).

And yet, as Lewandowski demonstrates, Zitkala-Sa's successes could not fill the void of her lost cultural heritage, nor dampen her fury toward the Euro-American establishment that had robbed her people of their land. In 1926, she founded the National Council of American Indians with the aim of redressing American Indian grievances.

Zitkala-Sa's complex identity has made her an intriguing--if elusive--subject for scholars. In Lewandowski's sensitive interpretation, she emerges as a multifaceted human being whose work entailed constant negotiation. In the end, Lewandowski argues, Zitkala-Sa's achievements distinguish her as a forerunner of the Red Power movement and an important agent of change.

Review Quotes

"Red Bird, Red Power offers a complex portrait of a woman whose tenacious commitment to Native peoples produced unsettling alliances and political stances. Detailing the missing, misunderstood, and lesser-known periods of Gertrude Bonnin's life of advocacy and activism, Tadeusz Lewandowski provides an engrossing account of how she and a cohort of Native and non-Native people challenged and worked to change federal Indian policies in the first decades of the twentieth century. This book asks us to heed more fully the efforts of Native activists negotiating a difficult yet pivotal period of Indigenous political formation."--Susan Bernardin, coauthor of Trading Gazes: Euro-American Women Photographers and Native North Americans, 1880-1940

"In this definitive biography, Tadeusz Lewandowski carefully chronicles the challenges that Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa), her Dakota Nation, and many Native Americans endured during her lifetime. Red Bird, Red Power is a must-read for those interested in this remarkable woman and the history of Native and non-Native relations during the first half of the twentieth century."--A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff, author of American Indian Literatures: An Introduction, Bibliographic Review, and Selected Bibliography